Non-qualified stock options (NSOs) 101
NSOs are the default option type: no statutory holding periods, no AMT, and no ambiguity about when tax is due.
Tax at exercise
The spread is ordinary income in the year you exercise, subject to federal, state, Social Security and Medicare withholding. Employers usually withhold at the 22% supplemental rate, which under-withholds most high earners.
Tax at sale
Your basis is the fair market value used at exercise. Gains after that are short- or long-term capital gains depending on how long you hold.
Cash planning
You need cash for the strike price and for the withholding. Same-day sale or sell-to-cover covers both at the cost of the upside.
This article is educational and not tax, legal, or financial advice. Talk to a CPA or tax advisor about your specific situation.